高中英语基础弱的学弟学妹们,这是学姐上辅导班英语老师整理的语法资料,都是易错点归纳总结。到了高三后期英语很难提分,但是要是基础打得扎实,后期的分数会很容易提高。 "2 \},o9
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一、定语从句 `d c&B
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引导定语从句的关系代词有that,which,who(宾格whom),所有格whose)和关系副词 where when why 等,关系代词或关系副词在定语从句中充当一个成分,关系代词that,which,who,whom等在从句中分别作主语或宾语,whose在从句中作定语,而关系副词when,where,why等在从句中作状语。 如: cT21
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①I will never forget the days when/in which we worked together. @\U;?N~k
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②I will never forget the days which/that we spent together. 5J-slNNCQ
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解析:在句①中,表示时间的名词the days在从句中充当的是状语,所以用关系副词when来代指,引导定语从句修饰先行词the days; J,G/L!Bp
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而在句②中,表示时间的名词the days在从句中充当的是动词spent的宾语,所以用关系代词that或which来代指。 QXI#gA
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同样,表示地点或原因的名词如果在从句中作状语,则用关系副词where 或why来代指;如果在从句中作动词的宾语,则用which或that来代替。 如: _xsHU`(J#
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①This is the factory where/in which I worked.(作状语) :(A k:
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②This is the factory that/which I visited years ago.(作宾语) 3>>Ca;>$
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注:当先行词为time,reason, place时,引导词可以省略。如: !L[$t~z
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①This was the first (when/what) I had serious trouble with my boss. %45*DT
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②That is the reason (why) I did it. ke<l@wO
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③This is the place (where) we met yesterday. @Os0A
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另外,定语从句中谓语动词的数应与先行词的数相一致。如: $~e55X'!+
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①Mr. Jackson is the only foreigner that is present at the party. L,yq'>*5s
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②He is one of the students who were praised by the teacher. }wB!Bx2
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解析:在句①中,先行词foreigner被only修饰,强调只有一个,所以从句中谓语动词用单数形式,而在句②中,who引导的定语从句修饰先行词the students,为复数,所以从句谓语动词应为复数。 zYxA#TZL
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二 名词性从句中的易错点 ! FVD_8
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(一)that引导的定语从句与同位语从句 /H?) qk
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定语从句与前面的的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系,“……的名词”,而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容。与that从句同位的名词必须是一些表示事实或概念的抽象名词,如: I!"/ I8Y
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fact,news,belief,truth,reply等。 i"0*)$
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That在定语从句中必须作成分,可用which或who/whom代替,而that在同位语从句中不充当任何句子成分,只起连接作用。如: 9=J 3T66U
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①Along with the letter was his promise that he would visit me this coming Christmas. /2Z7
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②Do you still remember the chicken farm that we visited three months ago. ]`q]\EH
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解析:在句①中,that引导同位语从句解释说明promise的内容,that不充当任何句子成分,只起连接作用,而在句②中,that在其引导的定语从句中作动词visited的宾语,对先行词the chicken farm起修饰作用。 R5i xG9
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(二)名词性从句中,关于it作形式主语和形式宾语的易错点 9ec>#Vxx
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1) 名词性从句作主语或宾语时,为保持句子平衡,常用it作形式主语或形式宾语。如: $a|>>?8
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It’s a pity that he don’t come to give a speech.(形式主语) Sc ijf 9
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We think it possible that you can finish the job today.(形式宾语) VtzBYza
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2)谓语动词 appreciate, dislike, hate, like, love, #nQboTB@
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make等接由if或when 引导的宾语从句时往往在从句前加上形式宾语it. 例如: |['SiO$)
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I would appreciate it if you could come to my birthday party. 9!PM1<p
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3)动词hare, take, hide, punish, put等,后接由that 引导的病因从句式,往往在从句前加形式宾语it. 例如: I^)_rOgM
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① I take it that you will be leaving Shanghai soon. .NJ Ne
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② we punished it that we had finished the project ahead of time. B1j^qoC.5
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4)短语动词answer for, count on depend on, insist on, g,G{%dGsk
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see to等后接有that引导的宾语从句时,必须冠以形式宾语it. 例如:① I’m counting on it that you will come. ② She’ll see to it that he goes ahead. 注:作形式主语和形式宾语时只能用it. ewdcAF5
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三、代词it、one、that的用法与区别
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One泛指,指代前面提到的那类人或物,用于指代可数名词,相当于a+名词单数,其复数形式ones前一般要有定语,否则就要用some. 5s%FHa
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That(those复数)即可指代不可数名词,表特指,相当于the+名词,后面经常与介词修饰语连用。 It指代上文出现的名词,表示同类同物,另外还可表示时间、距离、天气、还可指代人称代词,表示性别身份不明,可作形式主语,形式宾语,引导强调句式以及一些固定搭配,如:get it, catch it, make it. R|k!w]
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例如:① I have lost my watch. I think I must buy one.我丢了只表,我想我必须再买一只。(代指上文指到的同类事物,但不指同一个) rM4Ri}bS
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② Where is my pen? Have you seen it? m2l0`l~T8
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我的钢笔不知弄到哪去了,你见了吗?(代指上文提到的同一事物) ③ The land of China is larger than that of America. 5Z(q|nn7P
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④ Tome has a red pen and a blue one (或two blue ones) "^ aSONz
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⑤ He has no child, and he wants toadopt one (或 some) p
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四、虚拟语气 4^*Z[6nt|
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I 虚拟语气在if 引导的条件句中的易错点。 S^N{=*
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① if my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going. qP+%ui5xR
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② if you had studied hard at school, you would be a college student now. S/yBr`
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句子①②都是虚拟语气在条件句中的使用,从句中都是假设过去的情况,所以用过去完成时,但在主句中,句①依然指代过去的情况,谓语动词是would have done,而②中含有一个表示现在的时间状语now, 这样就必须将其理解为假设现在的情况,所以谓语动词必须为would/should/might+动词原形,学生在这一点上经常会忽略now的存在,从而按句①的形式填写答案。 S] 4RGWn
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Ⅱ虚拟语气在名词性从句中的用法 ?btX&:j2P
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1.在it is important (strange, natural, necessary……)+that 句子或者It is decided (ordered,suggested, demanded, advised……)+that句子中,主语从句中的谓语动词常用(should)+动词原形结构,表示某事“重要”、“必要”、“被决定”等 AHT(Z~C
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例如:① it is important that everyone (should ) obey the rules all day and all night. R0yp9icS
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② it is decided that the meeting (should) be held tomorrow afternoon. PKev)M;C+
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2. suggest, insist 后面指宾语从句时需注意的地方 ;p"#ZS7
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1)①suggest 当“建议”“提出”讲时,其后宾语从句的谓语动词常用“should+动词原形” 例如:He suggested that the work (should) be started at once 他建议立即动工。 {;38&